Lexology GTDT “2022年建设工程专章问答”·第三期

信息来源：建领城达所　 时间：2022-08-03　 作者：建领城达所

编者按

上海建领城达律师事务所主任周吉高律师受邀为国际知名法律咨询平台Lexology GTDT担任“建设工程专章问答”独家撰稿人。“建领城达”公众号将对问答内容进行分期推送，本文为第三期。（全文请点“阅读原文”）

Lexology GTDT是国际知名的法律咨询门户网站，通过与超过900家世界顶级律师事务所和法律服务提供方的合作，汇集了超过80个业务领域、150个重要司法辖区的专家撰写的独家法律信息资源。Lexology GTDT 的“市场动态”系列专访有助于读者了解全球主要司法辖区法律和监管环境的演变情况。

建领城达律师事务所主任、首席合伙人：周吉高。复旦大学法律硕士、中国科学院工学硕士、同济大学工学学士。兼任中华全国律师协会建设工程与房地产专业委员会副主任、国家发改委及财政部PPP“双库专家”等社会职务。擅长建设工程、房地产领域的各类专业法律服务。累计为70余家施工企业、70余家房地产公司（集团）提供建筑房地产专业法律服务。

凭借在建设工程领域的高胜诉率、客户满意度和市场口碑，周吉高律师连续多年被钱伯斯、The Legal 500、Benchmark Litigation等国际知名法律评级机构评为推荐律师。

Contracts and insurance

Question14：Joint ventures

联合体

Are all members of consortia jointly liable for the entire project or may they allocate liability and responsibility among them?

联合体的成员是否要对整个项目承担连带责任，或者能否内部分配责任与义务？

Response14:According to Article 27 of Construction Law, all members of consortia shall bear joint and several liability for the entire project. 

是，根据《建筑法》第27条，共同承包的各方对承包合同的履行承担连带责任。

In addition, members shall allocate liability and responsibility among them. According to Article 31 of the Bidding Law, all members of consortia shall sign a joint bidding agreement, which would clearly provide the work and liability to be borne by each member. If the consortia win the bid, all members shall jointly sign a contract with the tenderee and bear joint and several liability to the tenderee for the contracted project.

根据《招标投标法》第31条，联合体各方应当签订共同投标协议，明确约定各方拟承担的工作和责任。联合体中标的，联合体各方应当共同与招标人签订合同，就中标项目向招标人承担连带责任。

Question15：Tort claims and indemnity

侵权索赔和赔偿

Do local laws permit a contracting party to be indemnified against all acts, errors and omissions arising from the work of the other party, even when the first party is negligent?

当地法律是否允许“合同一方”因“另一方”的工作而产生的所有行为、错误和疏忽而获得赔偿，即使第一方（即“合同一方”）存在过失？

Response15:Where the acts, errors and omissions constitute infringement and cause losses to the other party, even if the adversely affected party is at fault too, it is still entitled to be indemnified, but the damages should be reduced in accordance with Article 592 and Article 1173 of the Civil Code.

是，在合同另一方的违约或侵权行为给合同一方造成损失时，即使合同一方存在过失也有权索赔，但根据《民法典》第592条第2款，一方违约造成对方损失,对方对损失的发生有过错的,可以减少相应的损失赔偿额。根据《民法典》第1173条，被侵权人对同一损害的发生或者扩大有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。

Question16：Liability to third parties

对第三人的责任

Where a contractor constructs a building that will be sold or leased to a third party, does the contractor bear any potential responsibility to the third party? May the third party pursue a claim against the contractor despite the lack of contractual privity?

如果承包商承建的建筑是将要出售或出租于第三人的，承包商是否要对第三人承担任何潜在的责任？该第三人能否向承包商索赔即使没有合同相对性？

Response16:According to Article 802 of the Civil Code, the contractor shall bear liability to the third party if there exists any quality defect of the building.

是，根据《民法典》第802条规定，承包商可能因工程质量缺陷向第三人承担侵权责任。

The third party is entitled to claim against the contractor for the quality defect because it is a kind of tort liability in China which should not be premised on a contract.

能，因为侵权责任不以存在合同关系为前提。

Question17：Insurance

保险

To what extent do available insurance products afford a contractor coverage for: damage to the property of third parties (such as damage to adjacent buildings); injury to workers or third parties; delay damages (including liquidated damages); and damages due to environmental hazards (eg, run-off of toxic liquids to adjacent lands). 

现有的保险产品在多大程度上为承包商提供承保范围：对第三人财产的损害（如对相邻建筑的损害）；对工人或第三人的伤害；迟延损害（包括违约损害赔偿）；环境损害（如有毒液体流到相邻土地造成损害）。

Does the local law limit contractors’ liability for damages?

当地法律是否限制承包商的损害赔偿责任？

Response17:The common types of insurance and the coverage are as follows:

中国的保险为承包商提供常见险种及承保范围内如下：

(i) all risks insurance: material loss of construction, the equipment, etc.; liability to workers and third parties; 

（1）建筑/安装工程一切险：建筑工程、施工设备等物质损失，对工人或第三者的责任；

(ii) accidental injury insurance: liability for construction workers; 

（2）建筑施工人员意外伤害险：对建筑施工人员的责任；

(iii) quality insurance: quality defects;

（3）建筑工程质量保险：建筑物质量缺陷；

(iv) contract performance insurance: liability for breach of contract; 

（4）建筑工程施工合同履约保证保险：施工合同违约责任；

(v) bidding insurance: liability of the tenderer to the tenderee for violating the bidding documents.

（5）建设工程施工合同投标保证保险：投标人因违反招标文件而对招标人应付的责任。

Contractor’s liability will be limited under such circumstances: (i) according to Article 591 of the Civil Code, if a contractor breaches the contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent an aggravation of loss, and if a loss is aggravated due to the failure to take appropriate measures, no compensation shall be claimed for the aggravated part of the loss; (ii) according to Article 584 of the Civil Code, the amount of compensation for losses shall not exceed the loss that may be caused by the breach of contract which the breaching party has foreseen or ought to have foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract.

是，根据《民法典》第591条，当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失请求赔偿。根据《民法典》第584条，损失赔偿额不得超过违约一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违约可能造成的损失。

Labour and closure of operations

Question18：Labour requirements

对劳动者的要求

Are there any laws requiring a minimum amount of local labour to be employed on a particular construction project?

对于某种建设工程项目，当地法律是否作出最低当地用工数量的规定？

Response18:No.

无

Question19：Local labour law

当地劳动法

If a contractor directly hires local labour (at any level) for a project, are there any legal obligations towards the employees that cannot be terminated upon completion of the employment?

如果承包商为了项目直接雇佣当地劳动者（任意级别），雇佣关系结束，是否还对工人负有法律义务？

Response19:Upon completion of the employment, a contractor still shall bear the following legal obligations towards the employees: (i) the contractor shall pay the workers financial compensation if a labour contract is cancelled or terminated in the circumstances stipulated in Article 46 of the Labour Contract Law; 

根据《劳动合同法》第46条，因该条规定的事由解除或终止合同的，应支付经济补偿。

(ii) according to Article 50 of the Labor Contract Law, at the time of cancellation or termination of a labour contract, the contractor shall issue a certificate of cancellation or termination of the labour contract and conduct, within 15 days, the procedures for the transfer of the labour’s file and social insurance account; 

根据《劳动合同法》第50条，承包商应向劳动者出具解除或终止劳动合同的书面证明，并在十五日内为劳动者办理档案和社会保险关系转移手续。

(iii) according to Article 9 of the Interim Provisions on the Payment of Wages, the contractor shall pay up all the wages to the workers once upon the cancellation or termination of labour contract.

根据《工资支付暂行规定》第9条，承包商应在解除或终止劳动合同时，一次性付清劳动者工资。

Question20：Labour and human rights

劳工与人权

What laws apply to the treatment of foreign construction workers and what rights do they have? What are the local law consequences for failure to follow those laws?

外国建筑工人的待遇适用哪些法律，他们拥有什么权利？违反这些法律规定会在中国产生什么法律后果？

Response20:In general, foreign construction workers have the following legal rights in China:

(i) according to Article 21 and Article 22 of the Administrative Provisions on the Employment of Foreigners in China, the wages paid to the foreign construction workers shall not be lower than the minimum wage standard in the local area; 

根据《外国人在中国就业管理规定》第21条、第22条，外国建筑工人工资不得低于当地最低工资标准，其工作时间、休息、休假劳动安全卫生以及社会保险按照中国相关规定执行。

(ii) according to Article 5 of the Interim Measures for the Participation of Foreigners Employed in China in Social Insurance, Any foreign worker who participates in social insurance shall enjoy the social insurance benefits in accordance with the law provided that the required conditions are met; 

根据《在中国境内就业的外国人参加社会保险暂行办法》第5条，外国建筑工人可享受社会保险待遇。

(iii) according to Article 47 of the Construction Law, foreign construction workers are entitled to make criticism, report the case of and file charges against acts endangering lives, safety and physical health.

根据《建筑法》第47条，外国建筑工人有权对安全生产提出建议、批评、检举和控告。

In case of violation of the above provisions, the competent administrative departments may impose penalties such as orders of correction and fines on the contractors.

若违反上述规定，违反上述规定，相关行政部门可能会作出责令改正、罚款等行政处罚。

Question21：Close of operations

结束运营 

If a foreign contractor that has been legally operating decides to close its operations, what are the legal obstacles (if any) to closing up and leaving? (At the end of a project will there be termination payments assessed against a foreign contractor?)

如果合法经营的外国承包商决定关闭其机构，关闭和离开的法律障碍是什么（如有）？（在项目结束时，外国承包商需要支付的终止费用是否需要支付经评估的终止费用？）

Response21:If a foreign contractor decides to close its operations, there are following legal obstacles: (i) according to Article 16 of the Tax Collection Administration Law and Article 15 of the Implementing Rules of the Tax Levying Administration Law, foreign contractors shall apply to the original tax registration authorities for the cancellations of tax registration; 

根据《税收征收管理法》第16条及《税收征收管理法实施细则》第15条，在依法结束运营前，外国承包商应向原税务登记机关申报办理注销税务登记。

(ii) According to Articles 183 and 184 of the Company Law, if a liquidation is decided, the foreign contractor obligations shall manage and clear the remaining business, pay the company's accounts payable and recover its accounts receivable, pay outstanding taxes and etc.

根据《公司法》第183条及184条，依法需要清算的，应当依法履行处理未了结的业务，清理债权、债务，清缴税款等义务。

At the end of a project, there is no statutory termination payments, but if there is an agreement on it, the foreign contractor shall make such payments.

没有法定的终止费用，但若合同中存在相关约定，则仍需依照合同约定进行支付。

往期回顾

 

第2期｜《Lexology GTDT “2022年建设工程专章问答”·第二期》

第1期｜《Lexology GTDT “2022年建设工程专章问答”·第一期》